Department of Natural Sciences

University of St. Francis

Chemical Hygiene Plan

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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1 University Administration

2.2 Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO)

2.3 Department Chairperson

2.4 Laboratory Supervisors

2.5 Employees

2.6 Students

3.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

3.1 General Rules

3.2 Personal Protective Equipment

3.2.1 Eyes

3.2.2 Clothing

3.2.3 Gloves

3.3 Personal Hygiene

3.4 Housekeeping

3.5 Unattended Operations

3.6 Working Alone

3.7 Security

3.8 Glassware

3.9 Systems Under Pressure

3.10 Compressed Gases

3.11 Reagent Handling

3.12 Chemical Storage

3.12.1 General

3.12.2 Toxic Substances

3.12.3 Peroxide Forming Chemicals

3.13 Sanctions for Non Compliance

4.0 LABELLING

5.0 CONTROLLING CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

5.1 Inhalation

5.2 Skin and Eye Contact

5.3 Ingestion

5.4 Injection

6.0 VENTILATION

6.1 General

6.2 Local

6.3 Work Practices for Chemical Fume Hoods

7.0 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

8.0 INFORMATION AND TRAINING

8.1 General

8.2 Information

8.3 Training

9.0 PRIOR APPROVAL

9.1 Radioactive Materials

9.2 Hazardous Chemicals

10.0 PARTICULARLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

10.1 Carcinogens

10.2 Reproductive Hazards

10.3 Highly Toxic Chemicals

10.4 Handling Procedures

11.0 MEDICAL CONSULATION

12.0 SPILLS AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

12.1 Emergency Procedures

12.2 Chemical Spills

12.3 Fires and Explosions

12.4 Personal Contamination

12.5 Incident Reporting and Review

13.0 LABORATORY WASTE MANAGEMENT

14.0 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Appendices

A. List of Posionous Gasses

B. List of Shock Sensitive Chemicals

C. Pyrophoric Chemicals

D. Peroxide Forming Chemicals

E. Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins or Highly Toxic Chemicals

F. Incompatible Chemicals

1.0 Introduction

The purpose of this Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) is to define work practices and procedures to help ensure that faculty, staff, student workers, and the environment are protected from hazards associated with the handling, storage, and use of chemicals in laboratories.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulations (29 CFR 1900.1450) require all employers engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals to develop and carry out the provisions of a Chemical Hygiene Plan that is capable of protecting employees from health risks associated with hazardous chemicals and capable of keeping exposures below Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). For the Laboratory Standard text from OSHA, see 29 CFR 1910.1450.  The Lab Standard is the the Federal regulation which requires employers such as University of St Francis to have a Chemical Hygiene Plan.

This Chemical Hygiene Plan applies to all laboratories at University of St. Francis in the Department of Natural Sciences including Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, and Physics. OSHA defines a laboratory as "a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis." Laboratories involve a greater variety of possible hazards than most work places, and some hazards call for precautions not ordinarily encountered. None of the labs at University of St. Francis are without hazards of some kind and degree.

This Chemical Hygiene Plan applies to all laboratory workers. An example of a laboratory worker would be the laboratory paraprofessional, a work-study student or a faculty member instructing an academic lab. University of St. Francis also has the special responsibility of administering instructional labs with relatively inexperienced students who must be introduced to the safety procedures necessary to conduct various laboratory operations. The students that are in the academic laboratory are not considered laboratory workers unless they are employed by the University. All students involved in laboratory operations, however, must be included in safety programs and training. Safety policies and practices should be a regular part of the curriculum. A brief discussion on the first day of lab is not enough.

This Chemical Hygiene Plan will be reviewed annually by the Department of Natural Sciences and the University's Hazardous Materials, Safety, and Environment Committee.
 
 

2.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1 University Administration

The President of the University has the ultimate responsibility for chemical safety. This responsibility is delegated to the Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) through the Vice-President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the College for all academic areas and to the Director of Security (DS) through the Vice-President of Business Affairs for all non-academic areas.

The President or designee has the responsibility for providing appropriate resources to insure regulatory compliance. Each department is responsible to seek and make use of said resources through appropriate administrative channels.

2.2 Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) and Director of Security (DS)

The Chemical Hygiene Officer and the Director of Security shall:

• Develop and coordinate implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP).
• Know and understand all elements of the CHP.
• Investigate all chemical incidents.
• Provide technical assistance to laboratory supervisors and workers concerning appropriate storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous chemicals.
• Remain current on rules and regulations concerning chemicals used in laboratories on campus.
• Conduct Laboratory Safety Surveys (LSSs) to assess level of compliance with the CHP.
• Train new faculty and staff on the information contained in the CHP.
• Maintain a library of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and other laboratory health and safety literature (see Section 7.0).
• Interact with regulators and agencies, and maintain records, and file required reports.

Director of Security:

Chemical Hygiene Officer: to be named
 
 

2.3 Department Chairperson

The Department Chairperson will support the CHP and assist the CHO in maintaining awareness and compliance with the plan. Make budget arrangements for health and safety improvements. The Department Chairperson and the Chemical Hygeine Officer will also be responsible for overseeing safety training and for maintaining records of training. The current training procedure can be found at O:\global common\natural_science\training.doc

2.4 Laboratory Supervisors

A laboratory supervisor is anyone overseeing any type of laboratory work. This could include faculty (full-time and part-time) and staff mentors. No one is exempt from the appropriate safety precautions. Lab supervisors must serve as good role models for their technical staff and students by observing all rules and recommendations, wearing protective equipment, and being enthusiastic about safety. Laboratory supervisors are responsible for administration of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. Untrained workers (or students) cannot be permitted to work with chemicals. Every laboratory supervisor will ensure that:

• All personnel working in their laboratory(s) are aware of and practice appropriate precautions.
• Rules and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are enforced and discipline is maintained.
• Emergency equipment is available and in proper working order and that everyone has been trained on its use.
• Information and training on special or unusual hazards or equipment is provided and documented. Appropriate safety plans and emergency procedures have been developed and are followed.
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are readily accessible and are reviewed before unfamiliar work or work with new chemicals commences.
• Personal protective equipment is available and used.
• All Hazardous Waste Regulations, including waste minimization, are complied with.
• Periodic inspections and surveys of the laboratory work area are conducted.
• Notify the CHO prior to commencement of any new process or activities covered by this program.

2.5 Employees

• Follow all health and safety procedures and rules.
• Report all hazardous conditions to your supervisor immediately.
• Report any job-related injury or illnesses to your supervisor and seek treatment as soon as possible.
• Refrain from the operation of any equipment or instruments without proper instruction and authorization. Wear or use prescribed personal protective equipment.
• Remain aware of the hazards of ALL chemicals in the laboratory and how to handle hazardous chemicals safely.
• Request information and training when unsure about how to handle an unfamiliar or hazardous chemical or procedure.

2.6 Students

Students shall follow safe work practices as directed by the laboratory supervisor. A student shall consult with the laboratory supervisor prior to performing work about which they are unsure or feel is unsafe.
 
 

3.0 Standard Operating Procedures (a more complete safety manual can be found on the USF computer network at O:\global common\natural_science\safetymanual.doc)

3.1 General Rules

• Follow all safety instructions carefully. Use equipment only for its desired purpose.
• Become thoroughly acquainted with the location and use of safety equipment such as safety showers, fire blankets, eyewash fountains, fire extinguisher, and exits.
• Know the safety rules and procedures that apply to the work being done. Determine the potential hazards and precautions before undertaking any operation.
• Be alert to any unsafe conditions and work practices and call attention to them immediately, so that appropriate corrections can be made as soon as possible.
• Horseplay, practical jokes, or other behavior that might confuse, startle, or distract other workers in the laboratory is forbidden.
• No one who is intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol or drugs will be allowed in the laboratories.
• Be certain all chemicals are correctly and clearly labeled. Post warning signs when unusual hazards, such as radiation, laser, use of carcinogens, or highly toxic chemicals exist.

3.2 Personal Protective Equipment

3.2.1 Eyes

Everyone in the laboratory including visitors MUST wear appropriate eye protection if the instructor or supervisor determine eye protection is necessary, even when not performing a chemical operation. All protective eyewear used in the laboratory must meet the ANSI Z87.1 standard.

Regular prescription eyeglasses (with or without sideshields) are not allowed as a substitution for safety glasses or splash goggles. Faculty and staff may obtain prescription safety glasses (with side shields). Students and Faculty and staff who don't obtain prescription safety glasses must wear safety glasses (for impact hazard) or goggles (for splash hazard) designed to go over their prescription glasses.

Full face shields with safety glasses or goggles underneath will be worn when conducting an operation that may result in a violent reaction. Report any injury, chemical spill, or other accident, no matter how minor, to your teacher or lab supervisor immediately. Time is often a crucial factor in minimizing injury.

• Illinois law requires that approved chemical splash goggles be worn in the laboratory at all times when experiments are being carried out.
• Splashes can come from the activities of your neighbor, so chemical splash goggles must not be removed when you are writing in your notebook.
• Keep your chemical splash goggles on during the entire laboratory period. Chemical splash goggles can be worn over prescription glasses.
• Contact lenses are not recommended because chemicals can be trapped under contacts and some chemical vapors are readily absorbed by soft contact lenses. It may be difficult to remove contact lenses if you need to use an eye wash.
• Splashes commonly occur during the heating of chemical substances in a test tube. Do not point heated containers toward yourself or anyone else. Never look directly into a container that is being heated or contains a chemical reaction.
• If a chemical gets splashed in your eyes, wash both eyes under the nearest eyewash fountain for at least 15 minutes.

3.2.2 Clothing

Clothing will offer protection from splashes and spills, should be easily removed in case of an accident, and should be fire resistant. HIGH HEELED OR OPEN TOED SHOES, SANDALS, AND FLIP-FLOPS WILL NOT BE WORN in the laboratory. Shorts, short dress, miniskirts, tank tops, and halter-tops should not be worn in the laboratory if hazardous chemicals in use. Lab coats should be worn at all times in the chemistry laboratories and anytime when working with chemicals. Lab coats will be provided for student workers, but students need to provide their own lab coats or aprons. Long hair and loose clothing will be constrained. Loose or hanging jewelry such as large bracelets, necklaces or watches will not be worn.

3.2.3 Gloves

Gloves are an important part of personal protection when used correctly. Check to make sure there are no cracks, breaks, or small holes prior to use. Gloves will be removed before handling telephones, doorknobs, writing instruments, and notebooks to prevent the unintentional spread of chemicals. Gloves will be changed on a periodic basis depending on the nature of work and the chemicals used. Glove material must be appropriate for the chemicals being handled and the operation being performed. A chemical resistance chart that lists the material or materials that you are using should be consulted.
 
 

3.3 Personal Hygiene

• Do not prepare, store, or consume food or beverages in the laboratory.
• Do not apply cosmetics in the laboratory.
• Wash hands and forearms before leaving the lab even if gloves were worn. Do not use solvents to wash skin. Solvents remove the protective oils from the skin and cause drying, redness, and irritation.
• Never wear or bring lab coats or aprons in areas where food is stored or consumed.
• Never pipette or siphon by mouth.
• Food will not be stored in a refrigerator used for chemical storage. Refrigerators used for chemical storage will clearly labeled "Chemicals Only - No Food". Conversely refrigerators used for food storage, which will be located outside the laboratory area, will be labeled "Food Only -No Chemicals."

3.4 Housekeeping

In the laboratory and elsewhere, keeping things clean and neat generally leads to a safer environment. When housekeeping standards fall, safety performance inevitably deteriorates. Therefore:

• Work areas will be kept clean and free from obstructions. Keep aisles free of chairs, boxes, equipment, and waste receptacles.
• Lab benches and floors will be cleaned regularly and kept free of clutter.
• Access to emergency equipment showers, eye wash, fire extinguishers, fire blankets, emergency exits, control panels, and outlets will be kept clear at all times.
• Drawers and cabinets will be closed when not in use.
• Full hazardous waste collection containers will be removed from the laboratory.
• Unneeded or unwanted reagents will be returned to the biology or chemistry stockrooms.
• Spilled chemicals will be cleaned up immediately and disposed of properly.
• All chemical containers must be labeled with at least the identity of the contents and hazards associated with the chemical. Label all reagents with the name of the preparer and date of preparation.
• Wastes should be segregated into appropriate containers and properly labeled.
• Do not use chipped, cracked, or broken glassware. Place broken glassware and disposable glassware into appropriately labeled containers. Do not pick up broken glass with your hands; use a broom and dust pan.
• Never throw solid materials into sinks; use the appropriate waste containers.
• Do not put pipets or spatulas into reagent bottles. Do not return unused chemicals or solutions to their original bottles. Contamination can ruin current and future experiments and result in a larger amount of waste for disposal. To weigh solids, transfer the desired amount to glazed weighing paper or the appropriate glassware. Do not weigh solids directly on the pans of a balance.
• Clean the area when your work is finished. Check to make sure all gas and water outlets are completely shut off. Put away all items used in the experiment in their proper place.

3.5 Unattended Operations

Reactions that are left to run unattended overnight or at other times are prime sources for fire, floods, or explosions. Plan for interruptions in electrical, gas, or water service. Equipment such as power stirrers, hot plates, heating mantles, and water condensers will not run unattended without fail-safe provisions. Unattended operations will be checked regularly. Appropriate signs will be posted indicating that a laboratory operation is in progress. The sign will include any hazards associated with the operation and a telephone number of the person(s) to be contacted in an emergency.

3.6 Presence in Science Laboratory

No one will work in a laboratory building alone. If a laboratory supervisor determines that an employee or student can work alone in a laboratory room, arrangements will be made for frequent contact with someone in the immediate area. Contact will be maintained with campus safety during work outside of normal hours (8:00 AM - 5:00 PM). Science laboratories at USF are multiple purpose rooms that include computers, facilities for studying, and laboratory review among other things.

Students and lab assistants are not permitted in any laboratory during off hours (5:00 PM - 8:00 AM) unless you are accompanied by faculty or staff, or you have been given special permission. Students my use the computer in N109 after hours, but they must request security to unlock and lock the door. You are permitted to be in a laboratory room during off hours alone if you are studying, working at a computer, or engaged in certain other work activities specifically approved by a faculty member. Off hours means any time other than a class day between 8:00 am and 5:00 pm. You may not work in a laboratory during off hours if your activity involves hazardous operations. A hazardous operation means working with chemicals with a hazard rating of three or greater in any category, or working with electrical circuits where there is likely to be 25 volts or greater. Be prudent and consider carefully the risks in your environment when engaging in any activities during off hours.

Hazardous operations, such as working with chemicals with hazard rating of 3 in any category is allowed during off hours only if two people are present in the immediate area. If you undertake this kind of activity, be sure that the other person understands and agrees to his/her role as your safety backup.

As a student, no assignment shall be given to you that requires you to do any work in a laboratory or the chemical shed during off hours without a responsible person present. No student shall be required to enter a laboratory or the chemical stockroom without the presence of a responsible person. All laboratory operations require prior approval by the faculty member responsible for the room in which the operation is carried out.
 
 

3.7 Security
 
 

• All laboratories will be locked when unattended and not in use to protect employees, students, equipment, supplies, and the public.
• Only facutly, staff, and science lab assisstants are allowed in the Chemistry Stockroom (A220)
• Locked storage cabinets will be utilized for expensive, hazardous, or sensitive items.
• All suspicious persons or actions will be reported to Campus Security immediately at ext. 3833.

3.8 Glassware

3.8.1 Careful handling and storage procedures are necessary to avoid damaging glassware.

• Hot and cold glassware look the same. Check the temperature by placing your hand near, but not touching, the glassware.
• Damaged or broken glassware will be discarded. Broken glass will be placed in designated containers. Broken glass collection containers will be labeled, "CAUTION - Broken Glass" to prevent injury to custodians and garbage handlers.
• Adequate hand protection will be worn when inserting glass tubing into rubber stoppers or corks, or when placing rubber tubing on glass connections.
• Glass apparatus under vacuum will be handled with extreme care to prevent implosion. Glassware under vacuum will be taped or shielded and only glassware designed for vacuum use such as Dewar flasks will be used for that purpose.
• Glassware will be cleaned at the laboratory sink or in a laboratory dishwasher. The use of strong oxidizer agents such as nitric, chromic, or sulfuric acid will be minimized.
• Proper hand protection will be worn when handling broken glass.
• Glassware or bottles used in laboratory operations will not be used to prepare or store food or beverages.

3.8.2 To insert glass tubing or a thermometer into a cork or stopper:

• protect your hands with leather gloves;
• insert thermometers and tubing through the correct sized hole;
• lubricate the hole before inserting. Use glycerin or soapy water;
• hold the glass close to the stopper and keep this distance short;
• use a rotary motion to guide the glass through the stopper;
• clean off the lubricant;
• remove thermometers immediately after use.
• If they are difficult to remove, carefully cut away the cork or stopper.

3.9 Systems Under Pressure.

• Reactions under pressure will be carried out in apparatus that is designed to withstand the full pressure of the system.
• All pressurized apparatus will have appropriate relief devices.

3.10 Compressed Gases

• Gas cylinders will be strapped or chained securely to a wall or bench top.
• Gas cylinders will be capped when not in use.
• Flammable compressed gases will be stored away from heat, oxygen, and sources of ignition.
• The appropriate regulator will be used.
• Gas cylinders will not be bled completely empty.
• Empty gas cylinders will be labeled as such and separated from full ones.
• Gas cylinders will be transported using gas cylinders carts specifically designed for this purpose.

3.11 Reagent Handling

• Do not put pipettes or spatulas into reagent bottles. Do not return unused chemicals or solutions to their original bottles. Contamination can ruin current and future experiments and result in a larger amount of waste for disposal. To weigh solids, transfer the desired amount to glazed weighing paper or the appropriate glassware. Do not weigh solids directly on the pans of a balance.
• Clean up any spills on the floor or bench immediately. Ask your instructor or lab supervisor if you are not sure how to treat the spill.

3.11.1 Pipetting

Pipets are convenient for measuring and dispensing volumes of liquids. Since they look a lot like straws, students have a tendency to try to use them like straws, and they may also treat pipets like miniature squirt guns. However, these activities are dangerous; therefore strict rules are necessary.

• Never put a pipet in your mouth. Liquids and vapors can easily be drawn into your mouth. Draw the liquid into the pipet using a rubber bulb. For volumetric or graduated pipets, use a rubber bulb that creates only temporary contact with the edge of the pipet to create a suction that draws the liquid into the pipet. Then place your index finger over the pipet opening to stop the flow of liquid. Carefully releasing your finger slightly causes the pipet to drain under your control.
• Never withdraw a liquid from a near-empty container. If you attempt to fill a pipet under conditions where air can enter the pipet, the liquid will shoot up into the rubber bulb uncontrollably.
• Never lay a pipet flat on a table or turn upside down with the rubber bulb attached. The liquid will flow into the rubber bulb contaminating the bulb and the pipet.
• Dispose of broken glass pipets in an appropriate glass disposal box.

3.12 Chemical Storage

3.12.1 General

• Every chemical container in the laboratory will have a definite storage place and must be returned to that location after each use. Containers will not be left on bench tops overnight.
• Do not store chemicals on desks, bench tops, or in hoods that are used for chemical manipulations.
• Storage trays or secondary containers will be used to minimize the spread of material should a container break or leak.
• Acids will be separated from bases and flammables will be separated from oxidizers.
• Chemical containers will be inspected periodically. Worn or faded labels will be repaired. Unneeded or unwanted items will be donated to the surplus chemicals inventory, and deteriorated or unusable chemicals will be disposed.
• Chemical containers will be dated when opened.

3.12.2 Toxic Substances

• Chemicals known to be highly toxic will be stored in safety cabinets inside chemically resistant secondary containers when not in use. See Appendix E.
• Only minimum working quantities will be present in the work area which must be well ventilated.
• Containers of suspected carcinogens or acutely toxic chemicals will carry a label such as the following: "CAUTION - Carcinogen or CAUTION - Highly Toxic."

3.12.3 Peroxide Forming Chemicals

Specific chemicals that can form dangerous concentrations of peroxides on exposure to air include cyclohexene, cyclooctene, decalin (decahydronaphthalene), p-dioxane, ethyl ether anhydrous, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene). A more extensive list is located at Appendix D.

• The quantity of peroxide forming chemicals purchased will be limited to the minimum quantity required. Unused material will not be returned to the original container.
• Containers of peroxide forming chemicals will be dated when opened, tested after 6 months, and disposed of before their expiration date.
• Peroxide forming chemicals will be store at the lowest possible temperature consistent with their freezing point to prevent decomposition, but will not be allowed to freeze.

3.13 Sanctions for Non-Compliance

Unsafe activities are primarily a result of inattention. Appropriate communication should ordinarily be the only action necessary. Students, faculty and staff should feel free to make these reminders when they observe unsafe procedures, or inattention. This section lists the stronger recourses available when such action regrettably becomes necessary.

Sanctions for disobedience of safety rules by students taking a course shall include the possibility of expulsion from the course with grade of F. Individual syllabi may include more detail as to the degree of sanction, but such detail is not required for the above sanction to be applied. It is to be understood that the above sanction is one of last resort.

Faculty in control of research labs shall retain the right to remove desk, study, and pass privileges of any student associated with that laboratory.

Either the Chairperson of the Natural Science Department or the Chemical Hygiene Officer may remove the privileges of laboratory access to any student for safety reasons.

In case of willful unsafe or destructive action by a student in a science laboratory, any faculty member may refer the action to the Dean of the college for further disposition who in turn will take action appropriate to maintaining a safe laboratory environment. Such action may include expulsion from University of St. Francis. In cases requiring immediate action, faculty or students have recourse to Campus Security. In extreme cases involving imminent violence or danger, faculty or students should notify the Joliet police first.

Sanctions for safety negligence or disobedience of CHP rules by faculty shall include the possibility of a written statement by any science faculty for purposes of inclusion in the (next) evaluation of the faculty member in question. The letter should be submitted to the Dean, who may use the letter as the basis of a more thorough investigation. The faculty member involved must be made aware of the detailed nature of the letter and the nature and results of subsequent investigation. It is to be understood that this action is one of last resort.

4.0 LABELING

All containers of hazardous chemicals must be correctly labeled as described below. Labels for stationary and portable containers will be provided by each department.

All hazardous chemicals and/or products shall be subject to the labeling requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). The use of unmarked containers of hazardous chemicals will not be permitted.

Each original shipment container, portable container, and stationary process container shall include the appropriate hazard warning for each chemical, or mixture as a whole, based on the method of hazard determination [OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200(d)(2)]. Specifically, each original, incoming container shall be labeled, tagged, or marked by the manufacturer/distributor with the following minimum information.

1. Identity of the hazardous chemical(s). Identity means the trade name or chemical name as given on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

2. The appropriate hazard warning, including health, flammability, reactivity, and preferably, personal protective equipment (PPE) data.

3. Name and address of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party.

Labels and other forms of warnings must be legible, in English, and prominently displayed. Existing labels on incoming containers shall not be removed or defaced unless the container is empty of its original materials.

Secondary containers (safety cans, plastic bottles, etc.) will be labeled with the chemical formula, and/or chemical name (or trade name if appropriate) and preferably, hazard warnings (health, reactivity, flammability, PPE) using labels provided by the department.

It is recommended that secondary containers (safety cans, bottles, etc.) containing solids and liquids should also be labeled with the chemical grade. Secondary containers containing solutions should be labeled with the date of preparation, solution concentration, and solvent, including water.

Containers too small to label completely shall at least be labeled with the chemical formula, and/or chemical name (or trade name, if appropriate). The container shall be stored on or near a card (for example a 3"x5" card) containing information not found on the label.

Any bottle that is re-used shall have the original label removed and an appropriate label placed on it.

Chemical containers, both hazardous and non-hazardous, must be monitored by the CHO or designee to ensure that they are properly labeled. Incorrect labels must be corrected immediately.

Extremely hazardous materials such as cyanides should also be marked with a label identifying its extreme hazard. The chemistry stockroom stocks small "poison" labels for this purpose. Extremely hazardous materials should be considered those materials which pose an unusual risk due to toxicity, reactivity, flammability, etc. Questions regarding the need for special labeling should be directed to the CHO.

5.0 Controlling Chemical Exposures

The basic routes for a chemical to enter the body in a laboratory setting are: inhalation, skin and eye contact, ingestion, and injection. The prevention of entry by one of these routes can be accomplished by control mechanisms such as engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and administrative controls. Each route can be minimized by a variety of control measures depending on the hazard and operation.

Employing administrative controls is the most desirable method for controlling chemicals exposures and must be used whenever plausible. Administrative controls include but are not limited to:

• Hazard information and education.
• Substitution of a non-hazardous or less hazardous chemical, procedure, or equipment.
• Reducing the volumes of experiments or quantities used.
• Control and minimize individual exposure times. Rotate responsibilities.
• Restrict access to an area where a hazardous chemical is in use.
• Conduct operations that produce nuisance odors outside of typical hours.
• Place proper signs on doors to indicate the hazards within and the name and phone numbers of appropriate individuals to contact in an emergency.

5.1 Inhalation

Inhalation of hazardous chemicals is the most common route of entry to the body in laboratory operations. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) produces annual lists of Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Short Term Exposure Limits (STELs) for common chemicals and biological agents used in the laboratory. These values are guides, not legal standards, and are defined as follows:

TLV: Time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.

STEL: Maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for periods of up to 15 minutes. Such exposures should be limited to no more than 4 per day with at least 60 minutes between exposures; and the total time-weighted average should not exceed the TLV value.

Most of the 1968 TLVs were adopted by OSHA as Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs). To avoid significant inhalation exposures and to limit exposure to concentrations below PEL values, there are a number of control measures that can be used. Substituting a less toxic or less volatile chemical is the most desirable measure. If substitution is not practical, ventilation will be used to reduce exposure. Dilution ventilation may be used to reduce exposure to non-hazardous nuisance vapor and odor. All hazardous chemicals should be used in a properly functioning chemical fume hood. For extremely toxic substances, such as those classified as poison inhalation hazards by the Department of Transportation, the use of closed systems such as a glove box may be required. See also Section 6.0 on Ventilation.

If necessary, personal protective equipment will be worn to limit chemical exposures. Dust masks or half face air purifying respirators may be utilized to this end. Respirators will not be worn in laboratories without first meeting the requirements of the OSHA Respirator Standard (1910.134). The requirements include training on proper use, selection, cleaning, and storage of respirators as well as fit testing and medical testing and surveillance to ensure that the user is physically capable of wearing a respirator.
 
 

5.2 Skin and Eye Contact

Contact with the skin is a frequent mode of chemical injury. To reduce the risk of chemicals entering the body via skin and eye contact or skin absorption, controls include substitution and ventilation as described above. If this doesn't control the exposure the next step is the wearing of personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye protection, lab coats, aprons, appropriate shoes, and special protective equipment as required by the specific hazard present. The laboratory supervisor should consult references to determine the proper protective material for the chemicals being used.

Administrative controls to reduce skin/eye contact exposure include:

• Setting up hazardous and non-hazardous areas in the laboratory.
• Enforcing sound chemical hygiene procedures such as no eating or drinking in the lab and washing hands and face after handling chemicals.

5.3 Ingestion.

Most of the chemicals used in the laboratory are toxic if they enter the body by ingestion. The relative toxicity of a chemical can be determined by its LD50, which is the quantity of material that in a single dose will cause the death of 50% of the test animals. It is usually expressed in grams or milligrams per kilograms of bodyweight.

Ingestion should not be a route of exposure in a laboratory setting. The best way to eliminate exposure by ingestion is to limit actual contact with all chemicals. Wear gloves and practice good hygiene measures. Food and drink will not be stored in areas where chemicals are being used or stored. Label all chemical containers, and replace worn or faded labels ASAP. Chemicals will not be tasted, and pipetting and siphoning of liquids will not be done by the mouth.

5.4 Injection

Exposure to chemicals by injection seldom occurs in the chemical laboratory. However, it can inadvertently occur through injury from metal or glass contaminated with chemicals or when chemicals are handled in syringes. Attention to detail and adherence to general standard operating procedures will provide control against accidental injection exposure. Assigned appropriate boxes will be used to collect all used needles and syringes. Separate collection containers will be used to collect broken glass. Label the containers, "CAUTION - Broken Glass". See also our Laboratory Waste Management Procedures.

Upon request, the CHO will assist with exposure evaluations for any suspected exposures to substances used in the laboratory. Records of exposure evaluations and exposure monitoring will be maintained at the Security Office, in Tower Hall.

6.0 Ventilation

6.1 General

Laboratory air should be replaced continuously (8 air changes/ hour). General ventilation provides only modest protection against toxic gases, aerosols, vapors and dusts. General ventilation will not be used for protection against toxins.

6.2 Local

Local ventilation will be used to prevent harmful fumes, mists, dusts, gases, and vapors from entering the laboratory air. Your best protection is the chemical fume hood, if used properly.

Fume hoods will be inspected and validated annually by a contractor. Fume hoods will have a face velocity of at least 100 linear feet per minute with the sash in the fully opened position or at the sash catch position. If 100 fpm cannot be achieved with the sash fully open, the sash will be lowered until the face velocity is 100 fpm. The sash will be marked at this position. Each hood used for chemical operations will be labeled with the face velocity and the date certified. The sticker will be placed on the front of the hood above the face opening.

A simple visible test for users to ensure flow into fume hoods and other ventilation equipment is to tape a telltale to the hood and note its movement. Telltales have been placed on the left-hand side of each sash of each hood in the department.

Experiments or work with highly toxic substances (LD50 <5 mg/kg oral, <40 mg/kg skin, <1000 ppm, <500 mg/m3) may require more specialized local ventilation such as the use of a glove box or other closed system.

6.3 Work Practices for Chemical Fume Hoods

• Set up work at least 6 inches from the face of the hood to avoid turbulence at the sash edge
• Separate and elevate each instrument by using blocks or rack so that air can flow easily around all apparatus.
• Do not clutter the hood with unnecessary bottles or equipment. Do not use the hood for storage of chemicals or other materials if it is used for chemical operations as well. Only materials in use should be in the hood.
• Work with the sash in the lowest possible position. The sash provides a physical barrier to protect against splashes, sprays, fires, or minor explosions. Lower the sash completely when no one is working in the hood.
• Do not obstruct the slots at the back of the hood. Keep the hood baffles free of obstructions.
• Do not dismantle or modify the physical structure of your hood or exhaust system in any way without first consulting Physical Plant personnel.
• Do not place electrical receptacles or other spark producing equipment inside the hood.
• Never put your head inside an operating hood to check an experiment. The plane of the sash is the barrier between contaminated and uncontaminated air.
• Clean up spills as soon as possible.
• Do not use a hood for evaporation of chemical wastes.
• Heating of perchloric acid will only be done in a perchloric acid fume hood .

If you suspect that your fume hood is not functioning properly let your supervisor, the CHO or maintenance know (Tel: 3427).
 
 

7.0 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

The CHO and Department Chair tracks chemical purchases from all vendors to ensure that we receive MSDSs for every hazardous chemical. A copy of a Material Safety Data Sheet for each hazardous chemical used in one of the laboratories at University of St. Francis will be filed in the chemistry stockroom and the biology prep room.

MSDSs or other reference information for particularly hazardous substances should be kept on file in the laboratory or building where they are used. Instructional laboratories should also have MSDS copies on file for the hazardous chemicals frequently used or stored in large quantities in the laboratory. It is the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor to ensure that these MSDS files are maintained and updated.

MSDSs must be reviewed before working with unfamiliar or particularly hazardous chemicals, and should be obtained prior to purchase to properly evaluate substances being considered for use. MSDSs contain information about safe handling and storage procedures as well as personal protective equipment that is required for adequate protection. Laboratory supervisors are responsible for disseminating this information to technicians and students.

If MSDSs are sent or mailed directly to a chemical user, please forward a copy to the CHO for the file.

8.0 Information and Training

8.1 General

Employee information and training will occur initially during a new employee's orientation period. Information and training will be refreshed by the department as needed with a formal training session at least biennially. Training and information distribution is a continuous process. Laboratory supervisors must ensure that everyone working or studying under them has been adequately trained on the chemicals, equipment, and procedures that they are using. Emergency procedures and equipment must not be overlooked. See also Section 2.0 on Responsibilities.

8.2 Information.

All laboratory personnel will be informed of the contents of "Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories" OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.1450, and the location and contents of University of St. Francis' Chemical Hygiene Plan.

All laboratory personnel will be informed of the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) and ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). A listing of OSHA PELs is located in OSHA 1910 Subpart Z.

Additional information and training will be available upon request. Reference material is available to employees through the the Chemical Hygiene Officer and is in chemistry stockroom and biology prep room.

8.3 Training.

Training will consist of methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical, the physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area, the measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure, including engineering controls, personal protective equipment, work practices, and emergency procedures. Training will cover USF's Chemical Hygiene Plan. The appropriate Department Chairperson and CHO will be responsible for maintaining training records. Employees shall be provided with information and training to ensure that they are aware of the hazards of chemicals present in their work areas. Department chair persons and the CHO are responsible for ensuring that employees are adequately trained. Written documentation of this training should be kept by the CHO. Such information shall be provided at the time of an employee's initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations. Refresher training shall be provided every three years.

Required Information. Employees shall be informed of the following:

Laboratory Standard. The contents of the Laboratory Standard and its appendices, which shall be made available to employees.

Chemical Hygiene Plan. The location and availability of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.

Exposure Limits. The permissible exposure limits for OSHA-regulated substances or recommended exposure limits for other hazardous chemicals where no OSHA standard applies.

Exposure Symptoms. Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory.

References. The location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory, including but not limited to Material Safety Data Sheets received from the chemical supplier.

Required Training. Employee training shall include:

Detection. Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.)

Hazards. The physical and health hazards of chemicals in a work area.

Protection. The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the College has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.

Chemical Hygiene Plan. The employee shall be trained on the applicable details of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.

9.0 Prior Approval

The high hazardous nature of some chemicals demands that special handling and disposal techniques be used. Before beginning any laboratory operation, the supervisor or instructor must review MSDSs for each chemical that they are unfamiliar with to determine precautions and waste disposal implications and methods.

9.1 Radioactive Materials

At this point in time University of St. Francis does not allow the purchase of any radioactive materials that are above the minimum threshold levels allowed by law.

9.2 Hazardous Chemicals

All chemical purchases must go through the appropriate department head/chairperson and be reviewed by the CHO. The purchase and use of carcinogens, reproductive hazards, explosive, and highly toxic chemicals must be closely coordinated with the CHO. See Section 10.0 on Particularly Hazardous Substances.

Anyone planning an operation that will generate an acute hazardous waste must consult the CHO before beginning to confirm that we have the ability to ensure proper storage and disposal. See also Section 13.0 on Laboratory Waste Management.

10.0 Particularly Hazardous Substances

In addition to the general safety guidelines mentioned throughout this plan, special precautions are needed when handling select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and substances of high acute toxicity.

10.1 Carcinogens

A carcinogen commonly describes any agent that can initiate or speed the development of malignant or potentially malignant tumors, malignant neoplastic proliferation of cells, or cells that posses such material. A listing of carcinogenic chemicals can be found in Appendix E. Carcinogens commonly used in larger volumes at University of St. Francis include acrylamide, benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride.

Select carcinogen means any substance that meets one of the following criteria:

• It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen.
• It is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens," in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition).
• It is listed under Group 1, "carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (IRAC) (latest edition).
• It is listed under Group 2A or 2B by IRAC or under the category "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP, and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria:
  • after inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days a week, for a significant portion of a lifetime, to doses of less than 10 mg/m3.
  • after repeated skin application of 300 mg/kg of body weight per week.
  • after oral doses of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day.

10.2 Reproductive Hazards

A reproductive toxin is a chemical that affects the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutagens) and effects on the fetus (teratogens). A mutagen affects the chromosome chains of exposed cells. The effect may be hereditary and become part of the genetic pool passed on to future generations. A teratogen (embyrotoxic or fetotoxic agent) is an agent that interferes with normal embryonic development without damage to the mother or lethal effects on the fetus. Effects are not hereditary.

10.3 Highly Toxic Chemicals

Acutely toxic chemicals are substances falling into any of the following categories:

• A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight, when administered to albino rats weighing 200 to 300 g each.
• A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200 mg or less per kg of body weight, when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24 hours) to the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing 2 and 3 kg each.
• A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or vapor, or 2 mg per liter or less of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour (or less if death occurs within one hour) to albino rats weighing 200 to 300 g each.

10.4 Handling Procedures

For the cases of substances that present special hazards the following procedures will be used to minimize risk. These procedures must be followed in laboratory operations with substances believed to be highly toxic or carcinogenic, even when used in small amounts. The extent of precaution depends on the hazards of the particular substance. Factors such as physical form and volatility of the substance, type and duration of exposure, and the amount to be used should be considered. The laboratory supervisor in consultation with the Chemical Hygiene Officer must approve all plans for experimental work and waste disposal.

The overall objective is to minimize exposure to toxic substances, by any route of exposure. The general precautions outlined elsewhere in this plan should normally be followed whenever a toxic substance is transferred from one container to another or is subject to some chemical or physical manipulation. The following procedures must also always be followed:

Record Keeping

Accurate records that include the amounts of chemicals used and names of researchers or students involved should be kept as part of the laboratory notebook record of the experiment.

Storage

Substances having high chronic toxicity should be stored in a well-ventilated area in a secondary container or tray.

Labels and Signs

All containers in the high chronic toxicity category will include a warning such as: WARNING! CANCER SUSPECT AGENT. All newly purchased containers should already contain this warning, but batch containers and solutions must also be labeled. Any area used for storage should have a label identifying the special toxicity hazard that exists.

Designated Areas

All experiments with and transfers of particularly hazardous substances or mixtures containing such substances must be done in a designated area. A designated area is defined as a laboratory, a portion of a laboratory, or a facility such as an exhaust hood or glove box that is designated for the use of highly toxic substances. Its use need not be restricted if all personnel who have access to the controlled area are aware of the nature of the substances being used and the precautions that are necessary. Designated areas will be clearly marked with a conspicuous sign such as the following: WARNING! HIGHLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN USE: AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY. The working surface of the hood can be fitted with removable liner of absorbent material. Surfaces can be protected from contamination with chemically resistant trays or plastic backed disposable paper.

Protective Equipment

In some cases, the laboratory supervisor may deem it advisable to wear special protective equipment when working with particularly hazardous substances. Examples include long gloves or an apron covered by a disposable coat.

Decontamination

On leaving a controlled area, remove any protective apparel, thoroughly wash hands and arms, face, and neck. If disposable apparel or absorbent paper have been used, place these items in a closed impervious bag or container for disposal. Work surfaces will be thoroughly washed and rinsed. All equipment that is known or suspected to have been in contact with particularly hazardous substances will also be washed and rinsed.

Waste Disposal

All general waste disposal procedures will be followed. Certain additional precautions must also be observed when waste materials are known to contain amounts of highly toxic substances. Volatile toxic substances must never be disposed of by evaporation in the hood. If practical, waste materials should be decontaminated as the last step in the experiment by some procedure that can reasonably be expected to convert the toxic substance to nontoxic substances. Consult Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories (available in Chemistry Stockroom) for specific destruction procedures. If decomposition is not feasible, the waste will be stored in closed, impervious containers such that personnel handling the containers will not be exposed to its contents. All waste containers must be labeled to indicate the contents (constituents and approximate amounts or percentages) and the type of hazard that contact may pose. For instance, if a waste stream is known to contain appreciable amounts of a carcinogen, the container should be labeled: CANCER SUSPECT AGENT. The generation of acutely hazardous waste must be closely monitored. As a small quantity generator, University of St. Francis is allowed to store no more than 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of acutely hazardous waste. All wastes and residues that have not been chemically decontaminated will be disposed of in accordance with University of St. Francis' Hazardous Waste Procedures.

11.0 Medical Consultation

An opportunity to receive medical consultation shall be provided under the following circumstances:

• If an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which they may have been exposed,
• There has been a spill, leak, explosion, or other occurrence in the work area resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, or
• If exposure monitoring reveals that a PEL or action level is routinely violated for any OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements.

University laboratory employees (including faculty supervisors) may receive medical attention through Workers' Compensation. Contact the Business Office to fill out an injury report. In addition, employees who need to wear respirators to control chemical exposure must have a medical examination prior to wearing the respirator to ensure that they are physically able to wear one.

12.0 Spills And Emergency Procedures

12.1 Emergency Procedures

All laboratory personnel must be familiar with University of St. Francis' Emergency Response Plan. The following additional procedures are intended to limit injuries and minimize damage should an accident occur:

• Render assistance to persons involved and remove them from exposure to further injury, if necessary.
• Warn personnel in adjacent areas of potential hazards to their safety.
• Render immediate first aid such as washing in safety shower, administering CPR, or special first aid (such as the use of a cyanide kit if cyanide exposure is involved).
• Extinguish small fires by using a portable fire extinguisher. Turn off nearby apparatus and remove flammable materials from the area. In case of larger fires, contact Campus Safety immediately.

In the case of a medical emergency, remain calm and do only what is necessary to protect life.

• Call Campus Safety immediately ( who will call 911).
• Do not move an injured person unless they are in further danger.
• Keep the injured person warm. If feasible, designate one person to remain with the injured person.
• If clothing is on fire, knock the person on the ground and roll them around to smother the flames. A fire blanket should only be used as a last resort.

12.2 Chemical Spills

The time to prepare to handle a spill is long before it occurs. Appropriate precautions and the proper equipment will alleviate many of the potential complications associated with the spill of a hazardous material. The following principles will decrease the likelihood of a spill:

• Substitute a less hazardous chemical, procedure, or piece of equipment such as alcohol thermometers instead of mercury thermometers.
• Always store chemical containers with closed caps.
• Use secondary containment whenever possible. Trays and wash basins work well. Coated safety bottles should be used when possible.
• Do not store chemicals on the floor, desks, or counter tops.
• Check shelving; watch for overloading or overcrowding. Excess chemicals can be stored in the division stockroom.
• Practice good housekeeping. Clutter increases the likelihood of a spill or accident.
• Minimize chemical storage in the laboratory. Purchase only the amount needed.

Anticipate chemical spills by having appropriate clean-up and safety equipment on hand. These cleanup supplies should be consistent with the hazards and quantities of substances used.

Paper towels and sponges may be used as absorbent type clean-up aids but this should be done cautiously. Paper used to clean up oxidizers can later ignite. Appropriate gloves should be worn when cleaning toxic materials with towels. Sponges should be chemical resistant.

Commercial clean-up kits are available that have instructions, absorbents, neutralizers, and protective equipment, but these kits are usually expensive and may not cover everything used in a particular lab. Individuals or departments may want to assemble their own kits. These kits should be located strategically around the laboratory or department area.

If a spill does occur, the following general procedures should be followed:

• Attend to contaminated personnel.
• Alert personnel in adjacent areas.
• Confine the spill, and evacuate nonessential personnel from spill area.
• If spilled material is flammable, extinguish flames and all other sources of ignition.
• Maintain fume hood ventilation.
• Secure appropriate cleanup supplies.
• During cleanup, wear appropriate personal protection.

When the nature of the spill constitutes a more serious hazard or involves the release of gas or fumes, the following procedures should be followed:

• Activate the emergency alarm system.
• Rescue injured personnel, if possible.
• Evacuate the building; move to the assembly area.
• Notify Campus Safety with the details of the situation.

12.3 Fires and Explosions

Small fires can easily be extinguished without evacuating the building or calling the fire department. However, even a small fire can quickly become a serious problem. The first few minutes are critical to preventing a larger emergency. Personnel in the event of a minor fire should take the following actions:

• Alert other people in the laboratory and send someone to call Campus Safety (who will call 911).
• Attack the fire immediately, but never attempt to fight a fire alone. A fire in a small vessel can often be suffocated by placing a larger beaker or watch glass over the top. Use the proper extinguisher, directing discharge of the extinguisher at the base of the flame:
  • class A fires- ordinary combustible solids such as paper, wood, rubber, and textiles.
  • class B fires- petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile flammable solvents.
  • class C fires- electrical equipment.
  • class D fires- combustible or reactive metals such as sodium, potassium, or magnesium, metal hydrides, or organometallics.
• Avoid entrapment, always fight a fire from a position accessible to an exit.

If there is any doubt whether the fire can be controlled locally by available personnel or equipment, the following actions should be taken:

• Activate the emergency alarm system. Confine the fire (close hood sashes, doors between laboratories, and fire doors) to prevent further spread of the fire.
• Assist injured personnel.
• Evacuate the building; move to an assemble point for accountability.

12.3.1 Use of a Fire Extinguisher

1. Pull the pin to break the plastic seal without squeezing the handle.
2. Aim the nozzle at the base of the flame.
3. Squeeze the hand grip to release the contents
4. Sweep the fire extinguisher across the fire. Short blasts should be directed at the base, not the center, of the fire.

When the fire goes out, stop squeezing the fire extinguisher hand grip and wait in case the fire restarts. Report the use of a fire extinguisher immediately so it can be recharged.

12.3.2 Fire Blanket

• Fire blankets must be used cautiously because wrapping the body can force flames toward the face and neck and can hold heat next to the body, thus increasing the severity of burns. Fire blankets are laden with fibers, dirt, and bacteria that can increase the severity of burns. If needed, a folded fire blanket should be placed on the floor so the victim can wrap it around his/her body. When using a vertical mounted blanket, the victim should lie on the floor as soon as the blanket leaves the case.
• In case of a clothing fire stop, drop, and roll as the first response.
• Use a safety shower or spray to extinguish the fire.

12.4 Personal Contamination

Chemical Spill to a Large Portion of the Body

• Immediately flood the contaminated area with sufficient running water. Use safety shower if necessary.
• Remove all contaminated clothing.
• Continue to rinse with cold water for 15 minutes. Wash chemical from contaminated areas with the water but do not apply cremes or lotions.
• Get medical attention promptly.

Chemicals on the Skin in a Confined Area

• Flush the exposed skin with cold water.
• If the skin is not burned, wash the area with soap.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.

Chemical in the Eyes

• Flush the eyeball and inner eyelid with cold water for 15 minutes. Forcibly hold the eye open to wash thoroughly behind the eyelids.
• Get medical attention promptly.

Smoke or Fume Inhalation

• Remove from the contaminated air to fresh air.
• Treat for shock.
• Get medical attention promptly.

Chemical Ingestion

• Administer antidote, if available.
• Wrap in blanket to prevent shock.
• Notify Campus Safety.
• Identify the chemical(s), and obtain the MSDS for the hospital.

12.6 Incident Reporting and Review

In the event of an incident that falls under any of the categories in this section, an incident report sheet shall be filled out under the supervision of the Department Chair or CHO or designee. A copy of the incident report sheet will be forwarded to the Hazardous Materials, Safety, and Environment Committee for review. Depending on the nature and severity of the incident, this review will take place as soon as possible after the incident or at the next regularly scheduled meeting of the Hazardous Materials, Safety, and Environment Committee.

13.0 Laboratory Waste Management

The purpose of this program is to ensure that University of St. Francis is in compliance with all federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to the handling, storage, and disposal of solid (hazardous), radioactive, and biological (medical) wastes. Nearly all of the hazardous waste generated at University of St. Francis is sent to a commercial disposal company. Responsible purchasing practices, effective recycling, and on site treatment strategies have the potential to contain costs for the near future.

14.0 References

The following is a sample of references that are available in the Chemistry Stockroom in St. Alberts Hall:

1. Guidebook for Science Safety in Illinois , Illinois State Board of Education Center for Educational Innovation and reform, 1995.
   Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Industry , Science Related Materials Inc., 1980.
2. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide , Margaret-Ann Armour, CRC, 2nd edition, 1996.
3. Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory , George Lunn and Eric Sansone, 2nd edition, Wiley, 1994.
4. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals , National Academy Press, 1995.
5. Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals , David Pipitone, editor, 2nd edition, Wiley, 1991.
6. Safety in Working with Chemicals , Michael Green and Amos Turk, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1978.
7. Handbook of Organic Industrial Solvents , Technical Guide # 6, 5th edition, Alliance of American Insurers, 1980.
8. Handbook of Hazardous Materials , Technical Guide # 7, 2nd edition, Alliance of American Insurers, 1983.
9. Handbook of Laboratory Safety , Norman Steere, editor, CRC, 2nd edition 1971.
10. Academic Laboratory Chemical Hazards Guidebook , William Mahn, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
11. Fundamentals of Laboratory Safety: Physical Hazards in the Academic Laboratory , William Mahn, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

APPENDIX A. Poisonous Gases

The gases on this list are either on the Department of Transportation's Category 1 list, or the Linde Specialty Gases company's Group 6 - Very Poisonous list. These chemicals are highly toxic gases at ambient temperature and pressure. They have an extremely high potential for causing significant harm if not adequately controlled.

Arsine	Boron trichloride	Chlorine pentafluoride
Chlorine trifluoride	Cyanogen	Cyanogen chloride
Diborane	Dinitrogen tetroxide	Fluorine
Germane	Hydrogen selenide	Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide	Nitrogen trioxide	Nitrosyl chloride
Oxygen difluoride	Phosgene	Phosphine
Phosphorus pentafluoride	Selenium hexafluoride	Stibine
Sulfur tetrafluoride	Tellurium Hexafluoride	Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate
Tetraethylpyrophosphate

Guidance: Other chemicals may be add to this list: for example, sulfur-containing compounds such as mercaptans can cause significant odor problems when used in the laboratory. Pre-approval of the conditions under which they can be used may prevent odor complaints.

APPENDIX B. Shock Sensitive Chemicals

The classes of chemicals listed below may explode when subjected to shock or friction. Therefore users must have appropriate laboratory equipment, information, knowledge and training to use these compounds safely.

• Acetylenic compounds, especially polyacetylenes, haloacetylenes, and heavy metal salts of acetylenes (copper, silver, and mercury salts are particularly sensitive)
• Acyl nitrates
• Alkyl nitrates, particularly polyol nitrates such as nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine
• Alkyl and acyl nitrites
• Alkyl perchlorates
• Amminemetal oxosalts: metal compounds with coordinated ammonia, hydrazine, or similar nitrogenous donors and ionic perchlorate, nitrate, permanganate, or other oxidizing group
• Azides, including metal, nonmetal, and organic azides
• Chlorite salts of metals, such as AgClO2 and Hg(ClO2)2
• Diazo compounds such as CH2N2
• Diazonium salts, when dry
• Fulminates such as mercury fulminate (Hg(CNO)2)
• Hydrogen peroxide (which becomes increasingly treacherous as the concentration rises above 0%, forming explosive mixtures with organic materials and decomposing violently in the presence of traces of transition metals
• N-Halogen compounds such as difluoroamino compounds and halogen azides
• N-Nitro compounds such as N-nitromethylamine, nitrourea, nitroguanidine, and nitric amide
• Oxo salts of nitrogenous bases: perchlorates, dichromates, nitrates, iodates, chlorites, chlorates, and permanganates of ammonia, amines, hydroxylamine, guanidine, etc.
• Perchlorate salts (which can form when perchloric acid mists dry in fume hoods or associated duct work. Most metal, nonmetal, and amine perchlorates can be detonated and may undergo violent reaction in contact with combustible materials)
• Peroxides and hydroperoxides, organic
• Peroxides (solid) that crystallize from or are left from evaporation of peroxidizable solvents (see the following Section 3)
• Peroxides, transition-metal salts
• Picrates, especially salts of transition and heavy metals, such as Ni, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn
• Polynitroalkyl compounds such as tetranitromethane and dinitroacetonitrile
• Polynitroaromatic compounds especially polynitrohydrocarbons, phenols, and amines (e.g., dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene, and picric acid)

Note: Perchloric acid must be used only in specially-designed perchloric acid fume hoods that have built-in wash down systems to remove shock-sensitive deposits. Before purchasing this acid, laboratory supervisors must arrange for use of an approved perchloric acid hood.

Appendix C. Pyrophoric Chemicals

The classes of chemicals listed below will readily oxidize and ignite spontaneously in air. Therefore, users must demonstrate to the department that they have the appropriate laboratory equipment, information, knowledge and training to use these compounds safely.

• Grignard reagents, RMgX
• Metal alkyls and aryls, such as RLi, RNa, R3Al, R2Zn
• Metal carbonyls such as Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, Co2(CO)8
• Alkali metals such as Na, K
• Metal powders, such as Al, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pd, Pt, Ti, Sn, Zn, Zr
• Metal hydrides such as NaH, LiAlH4
• Nonmetal hydrides, such as B2H6 and other boranes, PH3, AsH3
• Nonmetal alkyls, such as R3B, R3P, R3As
• Phosphorus (white)

APPENDIX D. Peroxide-Forming Chemicals

The chemicals listed below can form explosive peroxide crystals on exposure to air, and therefore require special handling procedures after the container is opened. Some of the chemicals form peroxides that are violently explosive in concentrated solution or as solids, and therefore shouldneverbe evaporated to dryness. Others are polymerizable unsaturated compounds and can initiate a runaway, explosive polymerization reaction. All peroxidizable compounds should be stored away from heat and light. They should be protected from physical damage and ignition sources. A warning label should be affixed to all peroxidizable materials to indicate the date of receipt and the date the container was first opened. Due to these special handling requirements, users must have the appropriate laboratory equipment, information, knowledge and training to use these compounds safely.

A. Severe Peroxide Hazard with Exposure to Air (discard within 3 months from opening)

• diisopropyl ether (isopropyl ether)
• divinylacetylene (DVA)
• vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethylene)
• potassium metal
• sodium amide (sodamide)
• potassium amide

B. Peroxide Hazard on Concentration

Do not distill or evaporate without first testing for the presence of peroxides (discard or test for peroxides after 6 months)

• acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (acetal)
• cumene (isopropylbenzene)
• cyclohexene
• cyclopentene
• decalin (decahydronaphthalene)
• diacetylene (butadiene)
• dicyclopentadiene
• diethyl ether (ether)
• diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme)
• dioxane
• ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme)
• ethylene glycol ether acetates
• ethylene glycol monoethers (cellosolves)
• furan
• methylacetylene
• methylcyclopentane
• methyl isobutyl ketone
• tetrahydrofuran (THF)
• tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene)
• vinyl ethers

C. Hazard of Rapid Polymerization Initiated by Internally-Formed Peroxides

Liquids (discard or test for peroxides after 6 months)

• chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene)
• vinyl acetate
• styrene
• vinylpyridine

Gases (discard after 12 months)

• butadiene
• vinylacetylene (MVA)
• tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
• vinyl chloride

APPENDIX E. Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins or Highly Toxic Chemicals

The chemicals listed below are extremely hazardous. Workers must have knowledge of the dangers of these chemicals prior to use, and documentation of training in safe working procedures.

Biologically active compounds

• protease inhibitors (e.g. PMSF, Aprotin, Pepstatin A, Leopeptin);
• protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g. cycloheximide, Puromycin);
• transcriptional inhibitors (e.g. a-amanitin and actinomycin D);
• DNA synthesis inhibitors (e.g. hydroxyurea, nucleotide analogs (i.e. dideoxy nucleotides), actinomycin D, acidicolin);
• phosphatase inhibitors (e.g. okadaic acid);
• respiratory chain inhibitors (e.g. sodium azide);
• kinase inhibitors (e.g. NaF);
• mitogenic inhibitors (e.g. colcemid); and
• mitogenic compounds (e.g. concanavalin A).

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) lectin: Ricin A, Ricin B, RCA toxins

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate: highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor; the antidote, atropine sulfate and 2-PAM (2-pyridinealdoxime methiodide) must be readily available

Jaquirity bean lectin (Abrus precatorius)

N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: carcinogen (this chemical forms explosive compounds upon degradation)

Phalloidin from Amanita Phalloides: used for staining actin filaments

Retinoids: potential human teratogens

Streptozotocin: potential human carcinogen

Urethane (ethyl carbamate): an anesthetic agent, potent carcinogen and strong teratogen, volatile at room temperature

APPENDIX F. Incompatible Chemicals

Certain chemicals should not be stored (and cannot be easily/safely mixed) with certain other chemicals due to severe exothermicity of reaction or uncontrolled production of a toxic product. In the event of earth tremor or other unexpected breakage, especially during fire, the consequences of proximal storage of incompatible materials can be fatal to staff, fire fighters, and other emergency responders.

The following list contains examples of incompatibilities. The list should not be considered complete. For complete information about a specific chemical, always consult at least one current Material Safety Data Sheet.

Acetic acid - aldehyde, bases, carbonates, hydroxides, metals, oxidizers, peroxides, phosphates, xylene, chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates
Acetone - Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures, acids, amines, oxidizers, plastics
Acetylene - halogens, mercury, potassium, oxidizers, silver, copper
Alkali/alkaline earth metals - Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens, aldehydes, ketones, sulfur, plastics, acids
Ammonia (anhydrous ) - mercury, calcium hypochlorite, hydrofluoric acid, acids, aldehydes, amides, halogens, heavy metals, oxidizers, plastics, sulfur
Ammonium nitrate - acids, alkalis, chloride salts, flammable & combustible materials, metals, organic materials, phosphorous, reducing agents, urea, chlorates, sulfur
Aniline - acids, aluminum, dibenzoyl peroxide, oxidizers, plastics,
Arsenical materials - Any reducing agent
Azides  -acids, heavy metals, oxidizers
Bromine  -acetaldehyde, alcohols, alkalis, ammonia, amines, petroleum gases, combustible materials, ethylene, fluorine, hydrogen, ketones (acetone, carbonyls, etc.), metals, sodium carbide, sulfur
Calcium oxide  -water, acids, ethanol, fluorine, organic materials
Carbon (activated)  -alkali metals, calcium hypochlorite, halogens, oxidizers
Carbon tetrachloride  -Sodium
Chlorates  -finely divided organic or combustible materials ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur
Chlorine  -acetylene, alcohols, ammonia, benzene, butadiene, butane, combustible materials, ethylene, flammable compounds (hydrazine), hydrocarbons (acetylene, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, metals, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, propane (or other petroleum gases), sodium carbide, sodium hydroxide
Chlorine dioxide  -hydrogen, mercury, organic materials, phosphorus, potassium hydroxide, sulfur, methane, phosphine, ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide
Chromic acid, chromic oxide - acetone, alcohols, alkalis, ammonia, bases, acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerin, flammable liquids in general, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, benzene, hydrocarbons, metals, organic materials, phosphorus, plastics
Copper - calcium, hydrocarbons, oxidizers, acetylene, hydrogen peroxide
Cumene  -hydroperoxide acids (organic or inorganic)
Cyanides  -acids, alkaloids, aluminum, iodine, oxidizers, strong bases
Flammable liquids  -ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens, oxygen, oxidizers in general
Fluorine  - All other chemicals
Hydrocarbons (liq and gas)  -see flammable liquids
Hydrocyanic acid  -nitric acid, alkali
Hydrofluoric acid  -metals, organic materials, plastics, silica (glass, including fiberglass), sodium, ammonia
Hydrogen peroxide  -all organics, nitric acid, phosphorous, sulfuric acid, sodium, most metals or their salts
Hydrogen sulfide  -acetylaldehyde, metals, oxidizers, sodium, fuming nitric acid
Hydroperoxide  -reducing agents
Hypochlorites  - acids, activated carbon
Iodine  - acetylaldehyde, acetylene, ammonia, metals, sodium, hydrogen
Mercury - acetylene, aluminum, amines, ammonia, calcium, fulminic acid, lithium, oxidizers, sodium
Nitric acid - acids, nitrites, metals, sulfur, sulfuric acid , most organics, plastics, sodium
Nitrites - acids
Nitroparaffins - inorganic bases, amines
Oxalic acid - oxidizers, silver, mercury, sodium chlorite
Oxygen - all flammable & combustible materials, oil, grease, ammonia, carbon monoxide, metals, phosphorous, polymers
Perchloric acid - all organics, wood, paper, oil, grease, dehydrating agents, hydrogen halides, iodides, bismuth and alloys
Peroxides, - organic Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold
Phosphorus (white) - oxygen, air, alkalis, reducing agents
Potassium chlorate - acids, ammonia, combustible materials, fluorine, hydrocarbons, metals, organic materials, sugars, reducing agents
Potassium perchlorate - alcohols, combustible materials, fluorine, hydrazine, metals, organic matter, reducing agents, sulfuric acid
Potassium permanganate - benzaldehyde, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sulfuric acid
Selenides - Reducing agents
Silver Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartartic acid, ammonium compounds, fulminic acid, ozonides, peroxyformic acid
Sodium - Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water, acids, hydrazine, metals, oxidizers
Sodium nitrate - acetic anhydride, acids, metals, organic matter, peroxyformic acid, reducing agents
Sodium peroxide - Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural, benzene, hydrogen sulfide metals, oxidizers, peroxyformic acid, phosphorous, reducing agents, sugars, water
Sulfides - acids
Sulfuric acid - alcohols, bases, chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates of potassium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium
Tellurides - Reducing agents

Reference: Guide for Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, 2nd ed., Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1972, pp. 215-217, Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, ACS 6th ed. 1995, and various MSDSs and chemical container labels.